Arnon Nagler教授:当“抗癌利器”转向自身免疫疾病——CAR-T疗法的攻坚、挑战与希望

血液时讯 发表时间:2025/12/16 19:09:12

在医学不断发展的当下,CAR-T细胞疗法作为一项前沿技术,在恶性肿瘤治疗领域已取得显著成果。近年来,其应用范围逐渐拓展至自身免疫性疾病领域,引发广泛关注。与恶性肿瘤患者不同,自身免疫性疾病患者群体具有独特特征,这使得CAR-T细胞疗法在该领域的应用面临诸多新挑战与机遇。从安全性考量到疗效监测,从多学科协作到未来发展趋势,每一个环节都值得深入探讨。2025年11月13-16日,2025国际细胞与免疫治疗大会(CTI 2025)在浙江杭州召开。会议期间,《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》特邀以色列特拉维夫大学舍巴医疗中心Arnon Nagler教授基于国际视野,围绕CAR-T细胞疗法在自身免疫性疾病中的应用展开全面剖析,旨在为该领域的进一步发展提供有价值的参考。



01

CAR-T疗法在自身免疫性疾病中的独特安全性考量


将CAR-T细胞疗法从恶性肿瘤治疗领域拓展至自身免疫性疾病,绝非简单的技术平移,而是基于患者群体根本差异的战略调整。自身免疫性疾病患者通常更为年轻,不具备原发恶性肿瘤背景,且多数未曾经历细胞毒性化疗,其免疫系统基础状态不同。此外,该群体基数庞大,且多数因长期接受糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗而处于医源性免疫抑制状态。这些因素共同决定了安全性是该领域发展的基石,其重要性甚至超过其在肿瘤治疗中的应用。


具体的安全隐患包括继发性恶性肿瘤的风险,例如已有罕见病例报告显示病毒载体整合入T细胞受体基因座可能诱发T细胞淋巴瘤。此外,对生育能力的潜在影响及血液系统毒性(如血细胞减少)也是至关重要的考量。为应对这些挑战,治疗策略可能需要调整,例如探索使用更低剂量的CAR-T细胞以降低毒性反应强度,甚至研究免于进行传统淋巴细胞清除预处理的可能性,从而从源头上提升治疗窗口。


02

疗效与安全性的综合监测体系


建立一套针对自身免疫性疾病的严密、多维度的监测体系至关重要。目前,这一工作主要由自身免疫疾病专家主导,体现了对原发病精准评估的重视。监测内容涵盖疾病活动度与靶器官功能。以系统性红斑狼疮为例,我们不仅采用特定的临床评定量表,还依赖补体、双链DNA抗体等关键实验室指标。同时,需密切监测关键靶器官的受累情况,如狼疮肾炎中的肾脏、以及心脏和中枢神经系统等。


在细胞治疗层面,需像在血液肿瘤中一样,动态监测CAR-T细胞在体内的持久性与扩增情况。当出现可疑的器官特异性毒性时,应积极考虑进行组织活检,以明确CAR-T细胞是否浸润至该器官,例如通过脑脊液检测评估中枢神经系统毒性,或探查心脏毒性部位的细胞分布,这为理解毒性机制和干预提供了病理学依据。


03

多学科协作的现况与未来展望


鉴于CAR-T疗法在自身免疫性疾病领域尚处于探索初期,构建高效的多学科协作(MDT)模式是当前保障患者安全与疗效的关键。这一模式需要深度融合在CAR-T细胞处理、输注及毒性管理方面经验丰富的血液科医生,与更精通自身免疫性疾病自然史、病情评估和传统治疗的风湿免疫科等专科医生。


展望未来,若当前小样本系列研究获得的积极初步数据能够在更大规模、设计严谨(如随机对照)的临床试验中得到验证,并最终促使CAR-T疗法成为某些难治性自身免疫性疾病的标准治疗,那么治疗主导权可能会逐渐转向自身免疫专科医生。他们将在充分吸收血液肿瘤领域先驱经验的基础上,独立实施和管理整个治疗流程,这标志着该疗法真正走向成熟与普及。


04

技术前沿与未来发展方向


CAR-T技术本身正处于快速迭代中。自2016年以来,从复杂的院内学术化生产到如今自动化、标准化生产技术的出现(如Fas-CAR),CAR-T细胞的制备可及性已大幅提升。技术发展围绕几个核心方向:其一是CAR结构的优化,从当前主流的第二代向更高效、安全的新一代发展;其二是自体CAR-T与现成(Off-the-shelf)异体CAR-T的路径选择,后者虽具便利性,但其安全性仍需更多数据证实。


此外,双特异性/三特异性抗体等替代技术也备受关注。它们制备相对简便,更易于在非学术中心推广,但面临感染风险、需重复给药等挑战,其“一次输注、长期有效”的疗法特性不同。需要明确的是,当前大多数经验源于靶点相对明确(如CD19、BCMA)的血液肿瘤或狼疮,而在许多其他自身免疫性疾病,如硬皮病、神经系统自身免疫病中,其自身免疫病理基础及理想干预靶点远未明晰。我们无疑是站在一个充满希望的细胞免疫治疗新时代的开端,但对自身免疫性疾病领域的探索征程,实则刚刚起步。


I. Unique Safety Considerations of CAR-T Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases


Expanding CAR-T cell therapy from malignant tumor treatment to autoimmune diseases is by no means a simple technical transplantation, but a strategic adjustment based on fundamental differences in patient populations. Patients with autoimmune diseases are generally younger, lack an underlying primary malignant tumor, and most have not undergone cytotoxic chemotherapy, resulting in distinct baseline immune system statuses. Additionally, this patient group is large in size, and the majority are in a state of iatrogenic immunosuppression due to long-term treatment with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. Collectively, these factors determine that safety is the cornerstone of development in this field, even more critical than its application in oncology.


Specific safety concerns include the risk of secondary malignancies—for instance, rare case reports have indicated that viral vector integration into T cell receptor loci may induce T cell lymphoma. Furthermore, potential impacts on fertility and hematological toxicity (such as cytopenias) are also crucial considerations. To address these challenges, treatment strategies may need to be adjusted: for example, exploring lower doses of CAR-T cells to reduce the intensity of toxic reactions, or even investigating the possibility of eliminating traditional lymphodepleting conditioning, thereby fundamentally expanding the therapeutic window.


II. Comprehensive Monitoring System for Efficacy and Safety


Establishing a rigorous, multi-dimensional monitoring system tailored to autoimmune diseases is imperative. Currently, this work is primarily led by autoimmune disease specialists, reflecting the emphasis on accurate assessment of the primary disease. Monitoring content encompasses disease activity and target organ function. Taking systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as an example, we not only adopt specific clinical assessment scales but also rely on key laboratory indicators such as complement levels and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. Simultaneously, close monitoring of key target organ involvement is required, such as the kidneys in lupus nephritis, as well as the heart and central nervous system (CNS).


At the cellular therapy level, dynamic monitoring of the persistence and expansion of CAR-T cells in vivo is necessary, as in hematological malignancies. When suspected organ-specific toxicity occurs, active consideration should be given to tissue biopsy to confirm whether CAR-T cells have infiltrated the organ—for example, evaluating CNS toxicity through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing or exploring cell distribution at sites of cardiac toxicity. This provides pathological evidence for understanding toxicity mechanisms and guiding interventions.


III. Current Status and Future Outlook of Multidisciplinary Collaboration


Given that CAR-T therapy in autoimmune diseases is still in the early exploratory stage, constructing an efficient multidisciplinary team (MDT) model is crucial for ensuring patient safety and efficacy. This model requires deep integration of hematologists with extensive experience in CAR-T cell processing, infusion, and toxicity management, and specialists such as rheumatologists who are more proficient in the natural history, disease assessment, and conventional treatment of autoimmune diseases.


Looking ahead, if the positive preliminary data from current small-sample series studies are validated in larger-scale, rigorously designed (e.g., randomized controlled) clinical trials, and ultimately lead to CAR-T therapy becoming a standard treatment for certain refractory autoimmune diseases, the leadership in treatment may gradually shift to autoimmune disease specialists. Building on the pioneering experience from the field of hematological malignancies, they will independently implement and manage the entire treatment process—marking the true maturation and popularization of this therapy.


IV. Technological Frontiers and Future Development Directions


CAR-T technology itself is undergoing rapid iteration. Since 2016, from complex in-hospital academic production to the emergence of automated and standardized production technologies (such as Fas-CAR), the accessibility of CAR-T cell manufacturing has been significantly improved. Technological development revolves around several core directions: first, optimization of the CAR structure, advancing from the current mainstream second-generation to more efficient and safer next-generation designs; second, the choice between autologous CAR-T and off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR-T—while the latter offers convenience, its safety requires further validation with more data.


In addition, alternative technologies such as bispecific/trispecific antibodies have attracted considerable attention. They are relatively simple to manufacture and easier to promote in non-academic centers, but face challenges such as infection risks and the need for repeated administration, differing from the "single-infusion, long-term efficacy" characteristic of CAR-T therapy. It is important to note that most current experience is derived from hematological malignancies or lupus with relatively clear targets (e.g., CD19, BCMA). In many other autoimmune diseases, such as scleroderma and neurological autoimmune diseases, the autoimmune pathological basis and ideal intervention targets remain far from clear. Undoubtedly, we stand at the dawn of a promising new era of cellular immunotherapy, but the journey of exploration in the field of autoimmune diseases has only just begun.


总结与展望


CAR-T细胞疗法为自身免疫性疾病领域,特别是难治性患者,开辟了一条前所未有的治疗路径。然而,这并非一条简单的“拿来主义”之路,而是需要根据疾病特点和患者需求进行深度重塑的系统工程。从将安全性置于绝对核心地位,到建立多维监测体系,再到依赖多学科协作,每一个环节都凸显了与肿瘤治疗不同的逻辑。技术的飞速发展,如自动化生产、新型CAR结构、异体CAR-T及双特异性抗体,为我们提供了丰富的工具箱,但同时也带来了新的选择与权衡。



专家简介

Arnon Nagler教授

以色列特拉维夫大学舍巴医疗中心

医学博士、理学硕士

曾长期担任以色列特拉维夫大学查伊姆·谢巴医疗中心血液科、骨髓移植科及脐血库主任,并任特拉维夫大学医学院内科学教授。

Nagler教授在以色列耶路撒冷的希伯来大学-哈达萨医学院获得医学教育,后在以色列海法的 Rambam 医疗中心完成内科学与血液学专科培训,并在以色列特拉维夫大学获得造血学理学硕士学位。1986年至1990年间,他在美国加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托的斯坦福大学医院完成了血液学与骨髓移植领域的博士后研究。

Nagler教授在血液系统恶性肿瘤的骨髓移植领域拥有超过25年的工作经验。他是恶性及非恶性疾病非清髓性及降低强度/毒性异基因移植技术的先驱之一(相关研究发表于《血液》1998年)。他的主要科学贡献与研究兴趣涵盖造血干细胞移植、血液系统恶性肿瘤、脐血生物学与移植、过继性细胞免疫治疗(包括NK细胞生物学)。

Nagler教授在以色列建立了首个公共脐血库,并主持完成了以色列首例亲缘及非亲缘脐血移植,用于治疗遗传性及恶性血液病。

Nagler教授自1993年起成为欧洲血液与骨髓移植学会(EBMT)的活跃成员。在2001年于荷兰马斯特里赫特举行的EBMT年会上,他关于IL-18在小鼠移植物抗宿主病模型中作用的研究被选入主席研讨会进行报告。多年来,他多次受邀在EBMT会议上发表演讲。他于2008年至2010年担任EBMT急性白血病工作组(ALWP)替代供者小组委员会负责人,并于2010年起担任该工作组下的降低强度预处理(RIC)小组委员会负责人。

Nagler教授担任脐血库国际组织Netcord的理事会成员,并于2010年至2013年期间担任该组织的财务主管。他还是该领域多个国内外学会及委员会的成员。他担任多家学术期刊的编委,并且是《白血病》杂志的干细胞移植栏目主编。

Nagler教授在顶级同行评议期刊(包括《临床肿瘤学杂志》、《血液》、《实验医学杂志》、《免疫学杂志》、《欧洲免疫学杂志》、《白血病》等)上发表了大量原创论著、综述和书籍章节。他是多项临床试验的首席研究员,其中包括首批应用于人体的新药试验,如Pidilizumab(抗PD-1单抗)和BL8040(新型CXCR4拮抗剂)。同时,他也是多项专利的发明人,涉及利用NK细胞净化骨髓及Halofuginon抑制纤维化等技术。

Nagler教授曾荣获多项奖项,包括ASBMT/CIBMTR Tandem会议最佳科学摘要奖(2004年)和NMDP理事会会议最佳临床摘要奖(2004年)。此外,Nagler教授是一位广受欢迎的讲者,每年均受邀在全球所有重要的国际移植与血液学会议(如美国血液学会年会、ASBMT/CIBMTR Tandem会议、EBMT年会、欧洲血液学协会年会、实验血液学年会等,包括主席研讨会报告)以及戈登会议(美国波士顿)上发表众多特邀演讲和口头报告。

版面编辑:张冉   责任编辑:王一铭
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