EHA焦点访谈丨John Mascarenhas教授:单克隆抗体INCA33989治疗原发性血小板增多症的突破性疗效与安全性

血液时讯 发表时间:2025/7/24 17:24:16

编者按:原发性血小板增多症(ET)是一种常见的骨髓增生性疾病,表现为血小板增多、血栓形成及出血倾向等临床症状,严重影响患者的生活质量。2025年欧洲血液学会(EHA)年会上,来自美国纽约西奈山伊坎医学院的John Mascarenhas教授展示了首创的突变型钙网蛋白特异性单克隆抗体INCA33989治疗ET的研究,并成功入选“Late-breaking Abstract(LBA)”环节。该研究探讨了INCA33989在ET患者中的安全性、疗效及其对病情改善的潜力。《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》特邀John Mascarenhas教授接受采访,进一步解读该研究的核心发现,并分享未来的研究计划。

 


《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》您能简要介绍一下 INCA33989 在原发性血小板增多症(ET)患者中的作用机制及其在本次研究中展现出的安全性和有效性吗?
 

John Mascarenhas教授:INCA33989一种单克隆抗体,能够特异性靶向与血小板生成素(TPO)受体复合的突变钙网蛋白(CALR)。该抗体具有高度选择性,能够靶向CALR突变阳性原发性血小板增多症(ET)患者的恶性细胞克隆,同时不影响正常细胞。临床前研究表明,INCA33989通过抑制Janus激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子(JAK-STAT)信号通路诱导细胞死亡。该抗体不包含FC片段,因此不会激活免疫系统,避免了细胞因子释放综合征及脱靶毒性的发生。此外,INCA33989无有效载荷,预计不会产生明显的毒副作用,这一结果也在临床研究中得到了验证。

 

Oncology Frontier-Hematology Frontier:Could you briefly introduce the mechanism of INCA33989 in ET patients and the safety and efficacy shown in this study?
 

Professor John Mascarenhas:INCA33989 is a monoclonal antibody targeting the complex of mutant CALR in conjunction with the TPO receptor on the surface of malignant cells. This antibody offers a highly selective approach, targeting the malignant cell clone in mutant CALR-positive essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients while sparing normal cells. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that INCA33989 induces cell death by inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The antibody lacks an FC portion, which prevents immune system activation, thereby mitigating the risks of cytokine release syndrome and off-target toxicity. Additionally, INCA33989 does not carry a payload, thus no significant toxicity is anticipated, as confirmed by the clinical study results.

 

《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》目前的研究数据是否足以支持INCA33989未来获批成为ET的标准治疗方案?后续还需要开展哪些研究来进一步验证其疗效和安全性?
 

John Mascarenhas教授:目前仍需开展更多研究。本次展示的仅为初步的Ⅰ期临床试验数据,来自全球49名患者。在此研究中,INCA33989的剂量可从每两周静脉注射24 mg提升至2500 mg,且未发现剂量限制性毒性,亦未确定最大耐受剂量。因此,INCA33989的安全性得到了确认,且其毒性反应轻微。临床疗效方面,我们观察到了血小板计数和白细胞计数的恢复正常,同时也有生物活性的证据,具体表现为突变CALR基因变异等位基因频率的降低。

 

此外,来自外周血细胞的测序数据表明,突变型CALR的表达在造血干细胞和祖细胞中有所减少,提示该抗体能够有效调节克隆。在骨髓中的数据也显示,异常巨核细胞减少,正常巨核细胞数量增加。I期试验结果表明,这种抗体具有良好的安全性,并且在血小板和血液及骨髓中的生物活性方面表现出明显的临床活性。接下来的研究将扩大研究队列,进一步评估疗效,探索不同的给药方案,并获取更多的生物标志物数据,以深入了解该治疗方法的缓解深度。鉴于当前显示的结果非常有前景,后续研究将进一步开展。

 

Oncology Frontier-Hematology Frontier:Is the current data sufficient to support INCA33989's future approval as a standard treatment for ET? What further research is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety?

 

Professor John Mascarenhas:Further research is required. The data presented is derived from the preliminary phase 1 dataset of approximately 49 patients treated globally. In this study, INCA33989 demonstrated the ability to escalate the dose from 24 milligrams intravenously every two weeks to 2500 milligrams every two weeks, with no dose-limiting toxicity observed, and no maximum tolerated dose identified. Therefore, the safety profile of INCA33989 has been confirmed, with mild toxicity. Clinically, normalization of platelet and white blood cell counts was observed, along with evidence of biologic activity, reflected by a reduction in the mutant CALR variant allele fraction. 

 

Additionally, sequencing data from peripheral blood cells indicated a reduction in mutant CALR expression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, suggesting effective modulation of the clone. Data from the bone marrow also demonstrated a reduction in abnormal megakaryocytes, accompanied by an increase in normal megakaryocytes. Phase 1 trial results indicate that this antibody has a favorable safety profile and demonstrates clear clinical activity in terms of platelet normalization and biologic activity within both blood and bone marrow. Subsequent studies will expand the patient cohorts, further evaluate efficacy, explore different dosing regimens, and acquire additional biomarker data to better understand the depth of response achievable with this approach. Given the promising results observed to date, further research will continue.

《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》INCA33989 在不同剂量水平下均显示出良好的耐受性和显著的疗效。在未来的临床实践中,您认为应如何优化 INCA33989 的剂量和治疗方案,以实现最佳的治疗效果?

 

John Mascarenhas教授:我认为下一步将是尝试优化药物的给药时间和方式。本次展示的结果使我们更加有信心,这款药物具有良好的耐受性。但由于目前仍处于研究初期,尚不清楚最佳的给药方式是什么。如果这款药物最终推向市场,可能每两周一次的给药频率并非必要,或许可以改为每月一次,甚至更长时间。现在有许多值得探索的有趣问题,令人十分期待。最重要的首要问题是:这款药物是否安全?答案是肯定的。它有效吗?目前数据显示它有效,但如何优化给药方案以达到最佳疗效,这就是接下来的重点。

 

Oncology Frontier-Hematology Frontier:INCA33989 has shown good tolerance and significant efficacy at different doses. How do you think its dosage and treatment plan should be optimized in future clinical practice for the best therapeutic effect?

 

Professor John Mascarenhas:I believe the next step will be to try to optimize the scheduling and delivery of the drug. The data we have presented gives us confidence that this is a well-tolerated agent. However, since it is still early in development, it is not yet clear what the optimal way to deliver the drug is. If this drug were to be launched into a commercial space, perhaps administering it every two weeks is unnecessary. It might be given once a month or even less frequently. There are many interesting questions that are really exciting to explore now. The most important question that was initially asked is: is it safe? The answer is yes. Is it effective? The data shows it is. But how best to deliver it for the deepest results—that’s what’s next. There are ways to optimize the treatment by understanding the frequency at which it needs to be given and the scheduling of the drug.

 

研究简介

 

摘要号:LB4002

标题:新型、首创的突变型钙网蛋白特异性单克隆抗体INCA33989,在原发性血小板增多症(ET)患者中展现出良好的安全性与疗效

中文标题:INCA33989 IS A NOVEL, FIRST IN CLASS, MUTANT CALRETICULIN-SPECIFIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THAT DEMONSTRATES SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA (ET)

 

研究背景

约25%的ET患者存在第9外显子上的钙网蛋白(calreticulin,CALR)突变(mutCALR)。INCA33989是一种新型、全人源化、Fc段失活的IgG1单克隆抗体,靶向mutCALR的C端,能够抑制致癌信号通路。INCA33989-101(NCT05936359)与-102(NCT06034002)是两项I期首次人体、多中心、开放标签研究,旨在评估INCA33989用于ET或骨髓纤维化患者的单药治疗或联合芦可替尼治疗的安全性与疗效。本次报告展示的是在ET患者中的剂量递增研究数据。

 

研究方法

入组患者须为CALR致病突变阳性,对既往ET治疗耐药或不耐受,血小板计数>450×109/L,且属于高危疾病(≥60岁、有血栓、重大出血史,或极端血小板增多)。患者每2周静脉注射一次INCA33989,主要终点为安全性和耐受性。疗效依据血液学缓解进行评估(≥1次用药后),完全缓解(CR)定义为血小板计数<400×109/L,部分缓解(PR)为<600×109/L,同时白细胞计数<10×109/L。此外,还评估mutCALR变异等位基因频率(VAF)的下降情况。

 

研究结果

截至数据截止日(2025年2月14日),共41名患者入组并接受24–2500 mg剂量范围内的治疗,仅1例停药,中位治疗时间为20周(范围0.4–62)。中位年龄为60岁(23–82岁),女性占56%;CALR突变类型中56%为1型、26%为2型、18%为其他类型。基线中位mutCALR VAF值为0.32(0.13–0.57),中位血小板计数为933×109/L(447–1865)。

 

在所有剂量组中,33例(81%)发生了治疗相关不良事件(TEAE),最常见为疲劳(27%)和上呼吸道感染(17%),均为1/2级。9例(22%)出现≥3级TEAE,其中最常见为无临床胰腺炎表现的短暂性脂肪酶升高(5%)。6例(15%)和5例(12%)分别发生贫血和中性粒细胞减少,仅1例(100 mg组)为3级中性粒细胞减少。

 

所有患者均未出现血小板减少。两例(均为24 mg组)出现严重TEAE:一例为短暂性、无症状的脂肪酶升高;另一例为内脏静脉血栓形成,在启动抗凝治疗后出现黑便并停药。未观察到因TEAE导致的剂量调整或输注中断,也未观察到剂量限制性毒性(DLT),未达到最大耐受剂量。

 

在所有剂量水平中均观察到血小板快速、持久下降;总体最佳缓解率(CR+PR)为79%(30/38),其中CR占66%(25/38)。在可评估患者中,57%(CR)和68%(CR+PR)在第4周(2次给药)后实现并维持至少8周。34名可评估者中,30例(88%)mutCALR VAF较基线下降,其中17例(50%)VAF下降超过20%。治疗12周后,8例(25%)患者达到部分分子学缓解(PMR,VAF下降>50%)。
 


研究结论

INCA33989单药治疗既往对ET治疗耐药或不耐受的患者耐受性良好,未观察到DLT,98%的患者仍在持续治疗中。大多数患者实现了血细胞计数的快速且持久的正常化,并伴随mutCALR VAF的显著下降,25%的患者在早期即达到了PMR,提示该药具有改善病情的潜力。

 

专家简介

John Mascarenhas 教授

美国纽约西奈山伊坎医学院

蒂施癌症研究所

西奈山医院血液肿瘤与骨髓疾病卓越中心主任、成人白血病项目主任,以及骨髓增生性疾病项目临床研究的负责人

主要从事骨髓增殖性肿瘤的转化医学研究,担任国家癌症研究所赞助的骨髓增殖性肿瘤研究联盟(MPN-RC)临床试验项目的主要研究者(PI)

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